. christopher columbus was the first person to navigate under the patronage of the queen isabella of spain.

[a] explore [b] sail [c] work [d] circumvent

. immigrants entering the united states at the turn of the century often encountered living conditions radically different from those they had left behind.

[a] apparently [b] drastically [c] admittedly [d] tragically

. steel expands in hot weather, so suspension bridges may sag a foot more on a hot day.

[a] shrink [b] droop [c] bounce [d] rise

. many immigrants were prepared to work hard and in appalling conditions for the sake of their descendants.

[a] benefit [b] health [c] property [d] entertainment

. ships passing on the high seas exchange salutes by lowering and raising their flags once.

[a] information [b] ceremonies [c] greetings [d] privileges

keys:  bbbac